The Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology

I found these very simple and usefull slideshow for the central dogma.

http://www.slideshare.net/cgales/central-dogma-and-protein-synthesis/

Ataxia Telangiectasia

Ataxia Telangiectasia------>IgA deficiency

1.cereberal ataxia(narrow-based gate)
2.telangiectasia
3.risk of sinopulmonary infections
Defect in the DNA break repair gene ATM (Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutant).
IgA deficiency-infections of the upper and lower airways.

ATM gene encodes a kinase essential for p53 activity. ATM is inactivated in ataxia telangiectasia-->hypersensitivity to x-rays and predisposition to lymphomas.

amiNo aCids are linked NH2(shorter) to COOH(longer)

Petechiae and Ecchymoses

The former is petechiae-small size(pinpoint areas).
The latter is ecchymoses-bigger size.
http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/purpura.htm

In few days after that post I had a question from the www.usmleworld.com question bank and according to them, the differences between petechiae, purpurae and ecchymoses are based on their size. For some reason I taught that both petechiae and ecchymoses are some kind of purpura, because of their color. Too busy to check that facts. May be later on, and also I trust usmleworld, these guys really rock.
Yes, I did quick check. That is right.
1.petechiae-less than 0.5 cm
2.purpurae-from 0.5 to 1 cm
3.ecchymoses-more than 1 cm
So, on the first picture there is a combination of petechiae and purpurae.

Bitot's spot

Vitamin A deficiency-->Bitot's spot

Some more pictures:

http://www.jceh.co.uk/extra/ts04_06.htm

Thiamine and Beriberi

Dry beri-beri-->Demyelization. Wet Beri-Beri (2B)-->Bi-ventricular failure

Perifollicular hemorrhage and Ring sideroblasts

Goljan the Great made this association between this two completely different findings, based on the form of a "ring". The only thing I can do is just put them into pictures.

A little bit more for the perifollicular hemorrhage: http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/142/5/658

and for ring sideroblasts: http://www.academic.marist.edu/~jzmz/topics/erythroleukemia/myelomono34.html

To be honest I totally forgot about Telomerase and Retrotransposons. So, humans also have reverse transcriptases.

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/lodish5e/pages/bcs-main.asp?s=10000&n=00010&i=10010.03&v=chapter&o=00PRS&ns=0&uid=0&rau=0

DNA replication

I know that when you read DNA replication is pretty clear, but the next animation will be very helpful, I guess.

http://www.mcb.harvard.edu/Losick/images/TromboneFINALd.swf

MM:

1. dna A protein is the 1st one binding to DNA in the beginning of the replication

2. uRacil-->RNA

3. HELIX=SPIRAL-->Helicase is an enzyme that breaks the Hydrogen bonds, holding the double stranded Helical=Spiral DNA together. Nucleases break PDE bonds

4. DNA polymerase III starts form the 3’ exit of the RNA primer. Polymerization is always from the 3’ exit, but in 5'-->3’ direction

Pitting edema

Hypotonic fluid disorders: hyponatriemia; cells swelling

1.hypertonic lost-loop diuretics, Addison's

2.pure water gain-SIADH secretion

3.hypotonic salt gain-right sided heart failure, cirrhosis,nephrotic syndrom

This link explains very well the pathophysiology of the edema:

http://umed.med.utah.edu/ms2/renal/Word%20files/c)%20Disorders%20of%20Volume_Ed.htm

Hepatitis C

Very interesting video for Hepatitis C.

http://www.health-kiosk.ch/movie_hepa_cau.html