Schistocytes aka aka aka

Red cell fragmentation
aka/or
Schistocytes
aka/or
Schizocytes
aka/or
Helmet cells

Schistocytes are fragmented red blood cells, and indicate mechanical damage causing hemolysis. The commonest cause is probably the presence of a mechanical heart valve, particularly when dysfunctional. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation are other causes.

Intestinal rotation

This the best animation can possibly find.

http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/sdigestive/flashdigestive/darmdrehung.html

Remember: abnormal rotation results in intestinal malrotation with sypmtoms of obstruction and volvulus(intestinal ischemia due to twisting). Cecum is found in the right upper quadrant, fixed to the second portion of the duodenum.

ELISA test

ELISA seems very easy, but usually students make mistakes on the exam. This animation shows the test step by step. There are direct and indirect ELISA. Tip to remember. In direct both antibodies bind directly to the antigen.

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/molecularbiology/ELISA.html

Stomach

This is a very nice picture showing the regions and layers of the stomach.

Erosions, by definition, don't penetrate the muscularis mucosa.

Zinc Zinc Zinc

Acrodermatitis enteropathica:

1. Inborn error of zinc metabolism that is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder

2. Zinc deficiency

symptoms: periorificial and acral dermatitis, growth retardation, hypogonadism, diarrhea, behavioral changes, and neurologic disturbances.

Acrodermatitis enteropathica links:

http://www.gfmer.ch/genetic_diseases_v2/gendis_detail_list.php?offset=0&cat3=9

http://www.gfmer.ch/genetic_diseases_v2/gendis_detail_list.php?cat3=1308

HBV genome replication

HBV genome replication always make me confused, but with the next animation, it is easier to understand the conception.

http://hopkins-gi.org/multimedia/database/intro_248_VB-04.swf

Herpes Simplex Infection

Schematic representation of herpes simplex virus infection - animated:

http://www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk/99000381h.htm

Antivirus Therapy

Za-NA-mivir and Osel-NA-mivir(oseltamivir)>>>both are Neuro-Aminidase inhibitors

They inhibit Influenza A and B Neuro-Aminidase(clips off sialic acids, thus aiding in release of virus).

Clinical use: prophylaxis mainly, but may decrease duration of flu symptoms by 2-3 days.

Side effects: nausea and vomiting

http://www.tamiflu.com/

http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Microtextbook/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=782

Cholera Toxin

Architecture of the cholera toxin (CT) AB5 heterohexamer which is very closely related to the heat labile enterotoxin (LT) from enterotoxigenic E. coli.

Renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma=Clear cell carcinoma=Grawitz's tumor